Communication using RS232 serial line

One of the most powerful communication to be implemented in a digital system is communication using RS232 serial line.Microcontroller 89s51 have facilitie a UART, so that it can perform serial communication with RS2322-level inter-equipment or with the computer. IC MAX232 is enabled to change the format of TTL to RS232.

Interface MAX 232

Scenatic max232

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DIGITAL COMPASS DESCRIPTION

Basic Description
The digital compass gives measurements based on Earth's magnetic field for robot navigation. Inside this commonly available MEMS are tiny nano-structures that bend due to electromagnetic fields. When this MEMS experiences any form of EM field, the tiny structures bend by an amount which can be electrically detected. Cheaper digital compasses usually have a resolution of around +/- 5 degrees, but newer and better ones can detect with a better accuracy.

Tips and Uses
• Keep digital compasses far away from anything that emits EM, such as motors, transformers, inductors, etc.
• Large conductive items significantly altar magnetic fields (cars, fridges, steel plates, etc.)
• Use this device to help for navigation, such as robot race tracks or navigating a maze
• because the Earth's magnetic lines of flux "dip" in declination, the compass must remain level for the readings to be accurate. Some electronic compasses employ a 2-axis gimbal in an attempt to keep the compass level, but these are problematic in the rough off-road environments

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AT90S2313 Features

Features
• Includes AT90S2313
• All necessary power supply components and crystals are already in place
• Easy to Use Software
• AT90S2313 can be programmed in system
• Heaps of different devices and IC's can be easily connected
• Dramatically reduces program development time

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ATMega8 Features

Features
• Includes ATMega8 with 8kb internal Flash Program Memory
• All necessary power supply components and crystal(4.000MHz) already installed.
• All I/O pins connected to headers for easy external connections.
• In-circuit programming via parallel port (no separate loader required)
• RS232 Communication with on-board MAX232 or equivalent
• Test LED's for program indication and testing
• Prewired facility for Real Time Clock and EEPROM
• LCD Connection and Contrast Adjustment Included
• LED's and Pushbuttons Included
• Includes Breadboard
• Ideal for Educational Institutes and Hobbyists

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ATMega8535 Features

Features
• Includes ATMega8535L with 8kb internal Flash Program Memory
• All necessary power supply components and crystal(8.000MHz) already installed.
• All I/O pins connected to headers for easy external connections.
• In-circuit programming via download unit (sold separately)
• RS232 Communication with on-board MAX232 or equivalent
• Test LED's for program indication and testing
• Prewired facility for Real Time Clock and EEPROM
• LCD Connection
• Buzzer and Pushbuttons Included
• Large Breadboard Area
• Ideal for Educational Institutes and Hobbyists

Schematic project in here

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Audio Power Amplifier using LM386

The LM386 is a versatile, small power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications. The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but with the addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pins 1-8 the gain can be set to any value from 20 to 200.
The inputs are ground referenced and the output automatically biases to one-half the supply voltage. The quiescent power drain is only 24 milliwatts when operating from a 6 Volt supply, making the LM386 ideal for battery operation.
To make the LM 386 a more versatile amplifier, 2 pins (pin 1 and 8) are provided for gain control. With pins 1 and 8 open the internal 1.35k resistor sets the gain at 20 (26 dB). If a capacitor is placed between pin 1-8, bypassing the built-in 1.35k resistor, the gain will go up to 200.
If a resistor is placed in series with the capacitor, the gain can be set to any value from 20 to 200. Gain control can also be done by capacitively coupling a resistor or FET transistor from pin 1 to the ground.

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PIC microcontroller development system (Amicus)

Amicus is a PIC microcontroller development system inspired by the popular Arduino board and it is using a PIC mcu instead of an ATMEL.  The Amicus hardware is open meaning schematic and design files are free to download. Also Amicus software and IDE (integrated development environment) is free of charge. Check details on the link below

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Program a MSP430 microcontroller

In this series of articles learn about basic MSP430 microcontroller connections and programming options, Record audio with the MSP430, make a singing MSP430 microcontroller etc

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Prototype your microcontroller project with Toolduino

MAKE subscriber Michael writes in to tell us about Toolduino, a GUI program that lets you access all of the pins on your Arduino through your computer. To use it, you have to flash a special sketch to your Arduino that implements the Firmata protocol, which allows a connected computer to control all of the pins on the microcontroller without reprogramming it. Then, all you have to do is run the Toolduino program to start interacting with things connected to the 'duino. This should help you get the interaction parts of your project worked out quickly, after which you can migrate to an Arduino sketch, or just stick with Firmata and write your program in Processing.

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Softwere PCB and Schematic Diptrace (free)

Are you looking for a professional and easy-to-use PCB Design software with powerful autorouter and reasonable price?

Try DipTrace and you will be surprised! DipTrace is a complete state-of-the-art PCB Design System. It includes:

• 
  
  PCB Layout — PCB design with an easy-to-use manual routing tools, shape-based autorouter and auto-placer.
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  Schematic — Schematic Capture with multi-level hierarchy and export to PCB Layout, Spice or Netlist.
• 
  
  Component and Pattern Editors — allow you to make new parts and footprints.
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  Standard Libraries - include 100,000+ parts.
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  Import/Export Features - allow you to exchange designs and libraries with other EDA tools.
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  Step-by-Step Tutorial - learn the software and start real work in a few hours.
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  Full featured 30-day trial and 300-pin Freeware versions are available for evaluation.

Watch DipTrace in action! Download DipTrace now! Schematic Capture PCB Layout

DipTrace provides the following features:

Easy to learn user interface
To design a schematic, simply select and place components onto your document and connect them together using the wire and bus tools. Multisheet and hierarchical schematics are supported. Then select the menu option 'Convert to PCB' to convert the schematic to PCB. Layout can be updated from Schematic in a few clicks at anytime. When you create or edit design objects they are highlighted to improve your work. Step-by-step tutorial guides you through the design process and allows to get started with ease.

Smart placement and auto-placement features
After converting Schematic to PCB layout, place board outline and arrange components. Then use "placement by list" for chips/connectors and auto-placement for other components to get acceptable result in a few minutes and start routing.

Easy to use manual and powerful automatic routing
DipTrace PCB software includes 2 automatic routers (Shape-based and Grid-based). Shape Router is able to route complex layouts with SMD components as well as single-layer boards. Grid Router can also make single-layer boards with jumper wires. With Specctra DSN/SES interface you can use external shape-based or topological autorouter. Intelligent manual routing tools allow you to create and edit traces by 90, 45 degree or without any limitations. Curved traces are supported. Through, blind or buried vias can be used in automatic and manual routing. Board size is not limited.

Shape-based copper pour
Powerful copper pour system can help to reduce your manufacturing costs by minimizing the amount of etching solution required. To use it, all you have to do is insert a copper area on your board in the PCB Layout program and any pad or trace inside the selected area will be automatically surrounded with a gap of the desired size. Using copper pour you can also create planes and connect them to pads and vias (different thermal types are supported).

Advanced Verification Features
Schematic and PCB design modules have number of verification features that help control project accuracy on different design stages: The ERC function shows possible errors in Schematic pin connections using defined rules and allows you to correct errors step-by-step. DRC function checks the clearance between design objects, minimum size of traces, and drills. Errors are displayed graphically and you can fix them step-by-step and rerun the DRC in one click after any corrections. Net Connectivity Check verifies if all nets of PCB are electrically connected. This feature uses traces, copper pour filled area and shapes to control connectivity, then reports broken and merged nets with area details. Comparing to Schematic allows you to check if routed PCB is identical with Schematic. 

it is free tryel 30 day. 

click here to go

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Servo Light Dimmer

What, the of a dimmer,you may ask ?Well, then a concise answer would be that it:

• Reduces power consumption(and bills)
• Increases life of lamps by switching them
• Allows the same lamp to serve as a ten-watt night lamp or a two hundred watt control illumination lamp.

And this is exactly what this dimmer does.One plus point is that it has a power handling capacity exceeding 1600 watts, far exceeding the ordinary 300 watt types.
Any type of 400 PIV, 8 ampere triac may be used in the circuit VR1 provides illumination control.R2,R3 and C1 set the minimum brightness level which can however be altered.

The LED and R1 are optional,They serve the purpose of pilot monitoring.The triac must be heavily heatsinked to prevent any damage.
A suitable front panel etch-on is shown in figure.The same can either be photocopied or xeroxed on self adhesive panel plates.

 

The dimmer -an excellent power saver(and bill reducer)

Figure : Front panel etch-on for the dimmer

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make line follower robot (analog)-simple

components

LM358- Low Power Dual Operational Amplifiers

BASIC CONCEPT:

This line follower is based on the concept of light detection by a photo diode. When the photodiode is introduced with black surface, the light produced by LED is absorbed by the surface and there is no conduction in photo diode, which sets the comparator output to a positive voltage. Due to this positive voltage the transistor gets triggered by this voltage and N2907 transistor comes in on state being a NPN transistor and hence the motor turns ON.
The same mechanism rotates the another motor by the working of another photo diode.Now for the turn or to maintain its path, as soon as any photodiode gets influenced by the light reflected by the white surface the respective motor stops and the another motor automatically turns the line follower to its right path. And again the both motor starts there functioning and the line follower travels in a straight path.
Similarly, when N is replaced by 2N2222, the photodiode turns on in white light. Hence comparator produces negative output, which further triggers the transistor. This turns the motor ON. Rest of the mechanism of turning is same as above.

circuit

General Description
The LM358 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional op amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For example, the LM358 series can be directly operated off of the standard a5V power supply voltage which is used in digital systems and will easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional g15V power supplies.
Unique Characteristics

• In the linear mode the input common-mode voltage range includes ground and the output voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power supply voltage.
• The unity gain cross frequency is temperature compensated.
• The input bias current is also temperature compensated.

Advantages

• Two internally compensated op amps in a single package
• Eliminates need for dual supplies
• Allows directly sensing near GND and VOUT also goes to GND
• Compatible with all forms of logic
• Power drain suitable for battery operation

Features

• Internally frequency compensated for unity gain
• Large dc voltage gain 100 dB
• Wide bandwidth (unity gain) 1 MHz (temperature compensated)
• Wide power supply range: Single supply 3V to 32V or dual supplies g1.5V to g16V
• Very low supply current drain (500 mA) essentially independent of supply voltage
• Low input offset voltage 2 mV
• Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
• Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
• Large output voltage swing 0V to Vab 1.5V.

N2907 Transistor:

The 2N2907 also known as the PN2907 is a small PNP BJT Transistor used for general purpose low power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low to medium current, low power; medium voltage and can operate at moderately high speed.
It is a 1amp, 50v, 300mW transistor capable of operating up to 100 MHz it is used in variety of analog application and switching application.





Pin Out Diagram of LM358

   

Bottom view

Alignment of DC gear head Motors

Top View

One more by

ANALOG Line tracer

Components Used:

• · IC LM358.
• · N2907/2n2222 Transistors.
• · 10k Resistors.
• · 10k Presets.
• · Photo Diode with LED Sensor
• · DC Gear Head Motor.
• · 9v power supply/battery.

From

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400 Sounds Generator

The circuit a common 556 dual timer, popular TB810 amplifier chip plus the workhorse op amp 741, The result is a universal sound effects generator that can produce up to 400 types of preset sound effects. The circuit works off 12 volt batteries and gives up to 7 watts of solid output.

ICI generate 'base tone' which operates at a lower frequency, produces the modulation  frequency.The various switches (four) allow the modulation. base and selection frequency to be set in predefined steps of four or five.Each switch combination produces a distinct and unique sound.IC3 provides the amplification and further drives the speaker (rated 10 watts in 4 ohm).Switch work as follows.

S1--->Modulation frequency control
S2--->Modulation waveform control
S3--->Base tone frequency control

The IC3 should be well heats inked.Power wiring must be done through a push button or a suitable relay.

The400Sounds Generator-three chips do the wonder

Power supply for the 400 sounds generator

The panel design

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Figure Programmer Circuit Of AVR Atmel Microcontroller

Figure Programmer Circuit Of AVR Atmel Microcontroller

That said, the diagram of a timer circuit controlled by PC comes down to very little. Indeed, it is mainly the PC side software to generate the proper timing on the line SCK, MISO and MOSI and, of course, a minimum of circuitry for adjusting the level so you can use a standard PC ports.

The scheme of my program boils down to what you can find below. It is intended to be connected to the PC parallel port lines which are easy to fly by the program to generate the necessary timing.

It comprises all in all an integrated circuit IC1, which is a simple 74HC244 or 74HCT244, that is still a buffer for six times to reformat the signals transmitted on the PC printer output before applying the circuit to program in April. It is safe and to have a rectangular shape and signals to avoid any hazard of programming.

This circuit is wired to "amplify" signals SCK, MOSI and RESET the one hand, since these are the PC to the microcontroller, and the only signal MISO, in another sense, since it will the microcontroller to the PC.

Note that a section of IC1 LED driver from the PC which allows to report, by the ignition, the microcontroller is being programmed and it must not touch it! Power to the programmer is supplied directly to the application supporting the microcontroller via the diode D1.

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Nestbox Solar Powered Wireless CCTV Camera Circuit

camera, provide lighting inside the nestbox, and charge batteries from a PV solar panel.
Circuit diagram for CCTV powered by Solar Panel with Battery Backup


D1 is a Schottky Diode used to prevent battery charge escaping through the solar panel at night. Something like a 1N5817 (1 Amp 20 Volt diode) will do the job and it has a very low voltage drop of under 0.45 Volts. D2 and D3 are ultrabright LEDs used to illuminate the inside of the nestbox. R3 and R4 are resistors chosen (400+ Ohms) to ensure that no more than 30mA of current gets to the sensitive LEDs, with R5 (a 10k variable resistor) used to increase the resistance and therefore dim the LED s if they are too bright.The LM317T is a voltage regulator * used to bring the voltage of the solar panel and batteries down to just over 8 volts using resistors R1 (270 Ohm) and R2 (1500 Ohm) to set this value. K is the wireless CCTV camera. A switch (not labelled) is used to manually turn the camera on and off as required.

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Wireless Auto Tachometer Circuit

To use the Tach, turn it on and let it sit for one minute to allow for temperature stabilization. Extend the antenna, select the right number of cylinders and hold the unit over the engine. If the reading is erratic or the needle jumps around, move the antenna closer to the ignition coil or spark plug wires.

Wireless Auto Tachometer Circuit

Using the Tach circuit, turn it on and let it sit for one minute to allow for temperature stabilization. Extend the antenna, select the right number of cylinders and hold the unit over the engine. If the reading is erratic or the needle jumps around, move the antenna closer to the ignition coil or spark plug wires.

Wireless Auto Tachometer PCB

Accessory List.

• C1 1 0.47uF Capacitor
• C2 47uF Electrolytic Capacitor
• D1 8V 1W Zener Diode
• D2, D3, D4 1N914 Diode
• M1 200uA Meter
• Q1, Q2 2N3391A Transistor
• R1, R2, R9 1K 1/2 W Resistor
• R3 47K 1/2 W Resistor
• R4 10K 1/2 W Resistor
• R5, R6 25K Trim Pot
• R7 10K Trim Pot
• R8 200 Ohm 2 W Resistor
• R1 15K 1/2 W Resistor
• R1 2.2K 1/2 W Resistor
• S1 SPST Togglae Switch
• S2 Three Position Single Pole Rotary Switch

Remark:1. Unit Calibration as folows:
1.1.Install the circuit:
1.2. Turn on the Tach and allow a few minutes for temperature stabilization.
1.3. Set S2 to 4 cylinders and adjust R5 for a meter indication of 180 (1800 rpm).
1.4. Set S2 to 6 cylinders and adjust R6 for a meter indication of 120 (1200 rpm).
1.5. Set S2 to 8 cylinders and adjust R7 for a meter indication of 90 (900 rpm).
2. Used the Tach, turn it on and let it sit for one minute to allow for temperature stabilization. Extend the antenna, select the right number of cylinders and hold the unit over the engine. If the reading is erratic or the needle jumps around, move the antenna closer to the ignition coil or spark plug wires.
3. This unit draws power from a car battery. If it is connected backwards, it will not work, but it won’t be damaged.

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FM Wireless HI-FI Schematic

To relieve you of any concern related to high frequency, I used a module ready, in case a module Aurel audio FM transmitter. This tiny circuit board with 2 cm by 4 cm supports a transmitter modulation frequency track, delivering an RF power of 10 mW which is quite sufficient for the desired use. As it is driven by a resonator surface wave, its frequency stability is excellent.

As you can see the review of the scheme, the module can stand alone even for some HF itself since it lacks power and a network of pre-emphasis R7, R8, C6, designed to improve quality transmission of higher frequencies.

Schematic of the transmitter

The input level required by the circuit to achieve a sufficient modulation rate of 100 mV rms, a preamplifier is necessary for our microphone. It is the role of IC1, mounted on a very classic inverting amplifier with adjustable gain through P1.

The provided microphone is a model electric with its supply circuit formed by R1, R2 and C1, but you might as well use a conventional dynamic mic, or an external electric microphone with its integrated power supply in which case R1, R2 and C1 disappear.

2. Receiver

As to the transmitter, I used a module Aurel, which is an FM audio receiver. It also appears as a tiny circuit board containing all the components of the receiver, equipped with a squelch circuit or quiet as I put to good use.

As illustrated, the audio output takes place on the leg 10 of the module and should be désaccentuée through capacitor C4 to offset the effect of pre-emphasis circuit used in the show. The AF level issued by the module may be insufficient for some high fidelity amplifiers or mixers certain: it is only 100 mV in the best cases I amplifies a bit through rose IC1 very classic.

Schematic of receiver

In order not to saturate the amplifier or mixer that follows, the adjustable potentiometer P1 can measure the level applied to it.

This preamplifier is fed continuously as the module Aurel but instead receives its power through the leg 18 of the latter. This output is in fact controlled by the internal circuit noise and is connected to power when the circuit noise estimates have detected a valid issue. The operating threshold of the muffler is adjustable and is obviously the role of the potentiometer P2 is the only external control of the receiver.

The food in turn must be regulated to 5 volts, which is made by IC2 which can receive input from 9 to 15 volts from such amplifier associated with a block or sector-style outlet . The low power consumption of the arrangement (of the order of 30 mA) makes this power supply.

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Clap Switch

This clap switch can turn on and off a light,fan,music system,alarm.....virtually any gadget,at the sound of a clap.The most amazing part of the design is that it gives an a efficient two state control without employing any op amp,any counters,timers or flip-flops but just four transistor.The design shows how basic circuits can do complex jobs.

The sound is sensed by a small button microphone(condenser microphone)whose internal FET is biased by R1.The signal is amplified by T1,T2,T3,andT4 provides the remaining control functions.There isn't much to explain but much can be understood by carefully observing the design.T4 drivers a  relay.The relay is further used to control the load as shown in schematic b.It is the contacts of the relay that determine the loads that it can handle.

Schematic a

Schematic b

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Versatile Intercom System

Most intercoms use up to five wires for hooking up to other units,while the one presented here needs just two.There are several features that make this design unique.

• Two wire line systems.
• Single chip design
• Touch to call facility
• Hands free conversation which allows conferencing
• Compact design

The unit uses a type 1895 amplifier IC which forms the heart of  the unit.The amplifier takes the input from a biased microphone M1.The output is given to the line.Point A and E are connected to communication line.The basic design is conventional.When the touch plate is touched,a buzzing sound is sent to other unit to give the call signal.This is due to the ambient mains hum pickup and its harmonics.

The 8 ohm speakers is used if two units are used.For four,each speaker must be a 16 ohm type.The microphone is the usual tape recorder type.A suitable power supply is given in schematic b.

Schematic a :This intercom needs just two outgoing wires 

while most others would need at least five.

Schematic b :The power supply set up

The final wiring is done as shown in Picture As for enclosures,even cases will do the job well enough.

 Picture : Wiring Schematic for two units.

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Solid State Tube Light Choke

The advantages of tube light over filament bulbs are well known.But these tube lights have problems too.They refuse to work at lower voltages,they are costly,burn out easily and so on.So,presented here is a unique solid state electronic design.

The circuit is shown in schematic a it uses two capacitors and four diodes and work along with a 100 watt bulb.The tube lights operated with this choke were found to work at voltage as low as 120 volts(in the 220 volt lines).The circuit provides a pulsating voltages to the fluorescent tube light fixed on a conventional stand.

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Toggling Touch Switch

With just one single IC and that also not a digital one ,as one would expect,this switch would from probably one of the austeriest ever made.

The circuit described here allows any electric or electronic devices to be remotely switched on and off just by touching the touch plates.This not only ensures higher safety,but also lends elegance and gives them a longer life.The circuit uses the internal flip-flop of the 555 timer.The two touch plates are used to switch on/off the relay,which controls the relay .Though a 9 volt relay has been recommended,voltages after replacing the relay can be varied from 6 to 12 volts.

The load that the circuit can support depends upon the rating of the relay contacts.The circuit can work on a simple unregulated power supply.The only care that needs to be taken is that the circuit must not be connected to touch plates using wires longer than three meters . The wires used for these connections must be shield in order to prevent false triggering.

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Voice Broadcaster

This voice transmitter is a short range transmitter which has a 15 meters range without an antenna,and this can be increased several times over if an antenna is used.The circuit can accept inputs from music systems,high impedance microphones and any amplifier.

A single AC188 pnp transistor handles modulation.RF amplification and transmission.The 3 volt transformer used to boost the input level and provide higher impedance when a low impedance source is used.The circuit works off a 6 volt battery.

VCR and the position of the MW antenna coil(used in pocket receivers) must be adjusted to obtain the best output from the unit on a receiver tuned to a dead spot on the MW band,placed a few meters away.Batteries should be used in preference to adapters and these would give a considerably long life as the consumption is quite low.

The Schematic Voice Broadcaster

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Ultra-miniature Radio Receiver

A coat button,yes-that's exactly how big this ultra-miniature radio receiver should turn out to be.The key to its compact size  a button cell and a button sized piezo speaker.The receiver tunes in several local broadcast band stations and gives a reasonable amount if volume.The circuit may be built on to a dot matrix board which will give a reasonable amount  of compactness.

As shown in schematic  a the circuit uses just one custom coil L1 which is wound as shown in schematic b L2 is a conventional IFT used in radio sets.T1 is the main component that forms an HF,RF amplifier having just one stage.T2 serves as a single-stage amplifier .D1 is 1N914,but any other suitable  substitute may be used.The piezo speaker may be a button type or simply a flat piezo element.The connection of the element are shown in Picture

The Schematic a Ultra-miniature Radio Receiver

The Schematic b Ultra-miniature Radio Receiver

 

 Picture

Coming to power, it is obtained,as stated earlier,from a single watch cell.Use a thicker(more current) one for longer life ,or one can use lithium batteries or even Ni-Cd button Cells.

Well, so the miniaturization miracles work on receivers too-not just computers.

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Ultra- miniature Transmitter

This transmitter has a size about  that of a large coat button.The transmitter accepts direct voice input and work on a single watch type button cell that serves several tens of hours together.As shown in schematic the transmitter is probably the simplest one ever designed.A single transistor, a few passive components and a small carbon button mike do the trick.

The Schematic Ultra- miniature Transmitter

The coil is an ordinary MW spare's antenna coil on a small ferrite slab.The condenser mike is of the type used in tape recorders.A button trimmer is used for tuning .There's hardly anything more to be explained about the circuit.The assembly in a matchbox sized enclosure is suggested in Figure.The circuit should be made on a dot matrix board.The cell can be any kind of button(watch cell).

Figure

Tuning
Adjust  the receiver to a dead spot. When no station is being received,begin speaking into the mike while adjusting the trimmer to obtain the loudest and clearest output at some point.Tape the trimmer there and the world's smallest(hopefully it all depends on how you make if)transmitter is ready to transmit.

Aplications are unlimited: bug,eavesdropping equipment,intercom,phone extenders,music broadcaters wireless microphone etc

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Water Level Monitor

This single chip based CMOS circuit can detect water levels in a water tank,pool,channel etc,. and display on an easy to interpret is level display. In case the level exceeds a certain level ,the circuit can sound ana alarm (optional).Built around a single CMOS hex inverter ,this circuit lends portability as well.

CD4049 forms the heart of the circuit.When water crosses a certain level, it bridges sensor Sc (common) and S1 through S6 This water resistance, being less than that due to R1 through R6, the outputs go high and the corresponding LED is activated.The piezo buzzer is optional.Normally a small 20 mm piezo won't warm up to the IC but if a bigger one is used, a 100 ohm series resistor should be inserted.

The Schematic Water Level Monitor

The sensor is made as shown in figure a.The sensor has a plastic or PVC rod of the height of the tank etc and has metallic rings fixed at equal spaces,The connection are made using ribbon cables.

Figure a

The Finished devise can given a panel shown in figure b.This panel may either be photo copied on to film or used directly.The sensors can be fixed on one side of the water whose level is to be measured.

figure b

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