This circuit is an ISP Flash Programmer (Schematic parallel downloader)

Schematic parallel downloader

This circuit is used on the ATMEL Microcontroller IC. However, the circuit is used for Microcontroller AT89Sxx. and ATMEGA xxx if you know about MISO,MOSI,SCK AND  RESET

Read more >>

Graphic LCD

Done working on Graphic LCD (GLCD) interfacing with 89c51. Here is exapmle  asm file and hex code file.

And following are the connection pattern for GLCD and 89c51.

source

Read more >>

89c51 Microcontroller

8051 Microcontroller is a programable device which is used for controlling purpose.
Basically 8051 controller is Mask porogramble means it will programed at the time of manufacturing and will not programed again, there is a derivative of 8051 microcontroller, 89c51 microcontroller which is reprogramable upto 10000 times, here is small discription abot the 89c51 microcontroller.
It have 4 ports which are used as input or output according to your need.
These prots are also programmed as bit wise pattern, means you can use each bit of microcontroller saperatelly as input or output.
This 89c51 is 8-bit device mean each port have 8-bits for I/O, total of 32-bits in the controller.
This device also have Timer, Serial Port interface and Interrupt controlling you can use these according to your need.
This device have 4K of ROM space to store the program,and 256Bytes of RAM space, this device have ability to interface with TTL based devices and also with the external MEMORY to increase its data space, but when your are using external MEMORY the 2 ports of 89c51 microcontroller are used for this purpose.

source

Read more >>

ISP Flash Microcontroller Programmer

Introduction

 This ISP Programmer can be used either for in-system programming or as a stand-alone spi programmer for Atmel ISP programmable devices. The programming interface is compatible to STK200 ISP programmer hardware so the users of STK200 can also use the software which can program both the 8051 and AVR series devices.

Hardware
Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram of the in-system programmer interface, the power to the interface is provided by the target system. The 74HCT541 ic isolate and buffer the parallel port signals. It is necessary to use the HCT type ic in order to make sure the programmer should also work with 3V type parallel port.

                Figure 1: Circuit Diagram of the ISP Programmer Interface

Figure 2 shows the circuit diagram of the stand-alone spi programmer, the power to the interface is provided by the PC USB port which can supply a max of 100mA current. Get a cheap USB cable, cut the cable other end connector and attach a crimp shell connector to this end, red wire is 5V and black is 0V.

The printer port buffer interface is same as shown in figure 1. For the u-controller a 40 pin ZIF socket can be used.

This programmer circuit can be use to program the 89S series devices and the AVR series devices which are pin compatible to 8051, like 90S8515. For other AVR series devices the user can make an adapter board for 20, 28 and 40 pin devices. The pin numbers shown in brackets correspond to PC parallel port connector.

                    Figure 2: Circuit Diagram of the SPI Programmer

Software
The ISP-30a.zip file contains the main program and the i/o port driver. Place all files in the same folder.
The main screen view of the program is shown in figure 3.

Also make sure do not program the RSTDISBL fuse in ATmega8, ATtiny26 and ATtiny2313 otherwise further spi programming is disable and you will need a parallel programmer to enable the spi programming. For the fuses setting consult the datasheet of the respective device.

For the auto hardware detection it is necessary to short pin 2 and 12 of DB25 connector, otherwise the software uses the default parallel port i.e. LPT1.

Following are the main features of this software,

Read and write the Intel Hex file
Read signature, lock and fuse bits
Clear and Fill memory buffer
Verify with memory buffer
Reload current Hex file
Display buffer checksum
Program selected lock bits & fuses
Auto detection of hardware


Note:
The memory buffer contains both the code data and the eeprom data for the devices which have eeprom memory. The eeprom memory address in buffer is started after the code memory, so it is necessary the hex file should contains the eeprom start address after the end of code memory last address i.e. for 90S2313 the start address for eeprom memory is 0x800.

The software does not provide the erase command because this function is performed automatically during device programming. If you are required to erase the controller, first use the clear buffer command then program the controller, this will erase the controller and also set the AVR device fuses to default setting.


Download
ISP-Flash Programmer Software ISP-30a.zip

                  Figure 3: Main screen of the program ISP-Pgm Ver 3.0a

source

Read more >>

I, Robot' Will Blow Your Circuits

Get ready for all your circuits to be blown by "I, Robot," an adrenaline rush of a movie that actually excites your mind as it excites your senses.
In 1950, Issac Asimov -- one of the most famous, inventive and humanistic writers of science fiction -- set down the Three Laws of Robotics in his series of short stories, "I, Robot."1. A robot may not injure a human or, through inaction, allow a human to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey orders given to it by a human, except where it would conflict with the first law.
3. A robot must protect itself, as long as that protection does not violate either the first or second law.
Ever since Asimov first wrote those words, many films about robots have used his laws as a blueprint and then theorized what would happen if a robot started to evolve and deviate from its hardwired programming."I, Robot," the movie, takes that premise and then leaves the rest of the robot movies in the dust with its involving murder mystery plot. "I, Robot" has a challenging, complex story structure, characters whose pasts fit together like a jigsaw puzzle and a comforting meld of the familiar and the futuristic in its Chicago 2035 setting. Two characters were taken from Asimov's stories -- robotics pioneer Dr. Alfred Lanning (James Cromwell) and a younger version of Dr. Susan Calvin (Bridget Moynahan), who specializes in the psyches of robots. Will Smith plays Det. Del Spooner (who is not a character in Asimov's stories), just about the only cop on the police force who doesn't believe robots are completely harmless -- an attitude that doesn't play well with his boss, Lt. John Bergin (Chi McBride).On the eve of a major rollout of the next generation of robots -- the NS-5's -- Lanning apparently commits suicide and leave behind a holographic message for Spooner. As Spooner pursues breadcrumbs of information, his investigation pushes him closer to the realization that his worst fears could be closer to the truth than anyone could ever imagine.Smith is absolutely spectacular as the haunted detective. His pumped-up body from "Ali" is still intact, but so is the wit, sensitivity and emotion he has revealed in his other films. Everything he has done has culminated in this mysteriously complex character.At times, the stunts are a little too far-fetched for any human to make believable, but who cares? It's cool, and so are the almost translucent-faced robots -- one of whom, Sonny, is almost irresistable with its childlike curiosity and human-like need for approval. But can it be trusted?Moynahan does an adequate job with the limited role she has been given, playing the robot-believer to Smith's robot-doubter. But this movie is really about Spooner and the robots.Asimov devotees should know that that the movie only takes ideas and characters from the book and those ideas are combined with a previously written script titled "Hardwired."Is it possible that robots could actually evolve to the point where they could come up with their own interpretations of the 3 Laws, or is that just an invention of screenwriters? "I, Robot" is a provocative, exhilarating peek into an unsure future that serves as sobering warning against letting technology take too much control over our lives.


source

Read more >>

Program control PWM for microcontroller

 This program can control motor dc for micorocontroller at mega 8535 .It is make with AVR studio 4
 
#include
#include
#include

#define    DDR_motor    DDRD    //DDR inilisiasi for Motor
#define    PORT_motor    PORTD    //PORT inisialisasi Motor

#define en_ka         5        // Enable L298 for right motor
#define dirA_ka     2        // Direction A for right motor
#define dirB_ka     3        // Direction B for right motor 
#define pwm_right    OCR1A

void delay_ms(int ms)
{for (int i=0;i

void foward(unsigned int pwm)
{
PORT_motor |=(1<
PORT_motor &=~(1<
pwm_right=pwm;                    //pwm for right motor
}

void backward(unsigned int pwm)
{
PORT_motor |=(1<
PORT_motor &=~(1<
pwm_right=pwm;                    //pwm for right motor
}


int main (void)    // excetion
{

DDR_motor=0xFF;
PORT_motor=0x00;


    TCCR1A= (1<<
            (1<<
            (1<<
           
    TCCR1B= (0<<
            (0<<<
    TCNT1=0x0000;
    OCR1A=0;
    OCR1B=0;
    sei( );


while(1)
{
backward(1000);
delay_ms(5000);
foward(700);
delay_ms(3000);

}
}

source

Read more >>

DC Motor Control with Microcontroller ATmega8535

At mega 8535 microcontroller can use control dc motor that is on pin d where there have PWM control. DC motor can rotate because of the induction when the motor is connected to the DC voltage source. DC motor control with microcontroller if it is done more easily than without the microcontroller. We can change the direction of rotation of DC motor directly by changing the polarity of the voltage source. To change the speed of DC motors can be done by changing the size of a fox-voltage source. Control with a microcontroller as well as principled, but with an automated system. We do not have to change the cable from the motor to the battery if you want to change the direction of rotation, we just provide the logic 0 or 1 to the microcontroller is performed on the program in the microcontroller. To change the velocity is also easier because we simply use the existing PWM feature on the microcontroller. Maybe there are still many who do not know what PWM

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a technique to get the effect of the analog signal from a digital signal to falter. PWM can be generated using only digital i / o which functioned as an output.

In the example above the waves, the comparison between high signal (1) and low signal (0th) is the same. Above the wave is said to have 50% duty cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio between the width of high signal (1) the overall width of the cycle (cycle). If the PWM wave amplitude is 5 volts, then the average stress (as if to analog) that we get is 2.5 volts. Here's an example of wave PWM with duty cycle 10%, if the amplitude of wave 5 volts then we will get the average analog voltage 0.5 volts.

In  ATMEGA8535 have two way control PWM, the PWM can be generated from the first port input / output is enabled as output. The second is to utilize the facilities of the function of the PWM timer / counter which has been provided. With this facility, the timing of the process of high / low digital signal will not disrupt the sequence of other programs being executed by the processor. In addition, by using this facility to enter how many servings we lived on and off time period on a wave PWM registers. OCR1A, OCR1B and OCR2 is register a place set PWM duty cycle.

Read more >>

PWM Configuration for PIC16F877 microntroller

PWM can be used to control a motor driver or generate sound samples.

The register specifically used to configure PWM are the TRISC, PR2, CCP1CON, CCP2CON, CCPR1L, CCPR2L and T2CON registers. There are two PWM channels on the PIC16F877. These modules are coined CCP1 et CCP2. These modules are implemented on pins 16 and 17 of the PIC16F877. There are two ways to connect these pins to a L293D H-Bridge. I recommend to connect these to the L293D Chip Enable pins. PWM then controls the percentage of time the chip is enabled. 

There are two parameters that affect the behavior of the PWM. The first one is the frequency of the pulses, the second is the length of these pulses. The length of the pulse is also called the duty cycle, e.g. the percentage of time the motor is enabled. In an ideal environment, if a motor normally exhibit 100 RPM, then it should do 25 RPM with a 25% duty cycle

It is important to experiment with these parameters to find the configuration that is right for your application because no two motors are the same. Some motors are better when the frequency is low (between 2 000-5 000 Hz). Other motors are best when the frequency is high, say between 15 000 and 20 000 Hz. Note that a low frequency (between 1 000 and 8 000 Hz) will produce an audible sound that can be very annoying. I have tested three robots with varying weight (500 g to 15 kg) and with different motors and have found that a frequency of 15 000 to 20 000 Hz gives good results. I have never seen any robot move with a duty cycle of less than 50%. If you want to do this, you have to find ways to control PWM in software, i.e. for a duty cycle of 25%, use a 50% duty cycle and turn PWM 50% of the time. Ideally, you will find motors that are not too fast at 50% and fast enough at 100%. 

The TRISC register must be initialized so that RC1 et RC2 are identified as output ports (bits 1 and 2 of TRISC must be set to 0). CCP1CON and CCP2CON are used to configure CCP1 and CCP2 modules mode. A value of 12 configures these modules for PWM mode.

Timer2 is used by CCP1 and CCP2 modules for PWM purposes. Timer2 prescaler is configured using bits TCKPS0 et TCKPS1 of T2CON register (bits 0 and 1). A value of 0 for these two bits configures a prescaler of 1. Bit TMR2ON (bit 2) must be initialized to 1 to start Timer2.PR2 register controls the pulse frequency. The formula used to calculate the pulse period is:(PR2 + 1) * 4 * TOSC * (Timer2 prescaler value).Pulse frequency is 1 / period. If PR2 is equal to 255 and the PIC runs at 20 MHz, pulse frequency is 19.53 kHz with a Timer2 prescaler of 1, i.e. 1 / ((255 + 1) * 4 * 1 / 20 000 000 * 1).

The CCPR1L et CCPR2L registers configure the "duty cycle". The "duty cycle" is relative to PR2. If PR2 is 100 and CCPR1 is 50, then the "duty cycle" is effectively 50% (half of PR2).
CCS provides macros to configure these registers appropriately. Here is an example program that shows how to configure PWM with CCS:

demopwm.c

Read more >>

Timers on PIC16F877

The timer service is one of the basic services offered by a microcontroller. Although CCS compiler provides some simple macros that implement delay routines, in order to determine time elapsed and to maximize use of MCU (see Simple Scheduler section), understanding of the timer functionality is necessary.
To introduce delays in an application, the CCS macro delay_ms and delay_us can be used. These macros provide an ability to block the MCU until the specified delay has elapsed.
For tasks that require the ability to measure time (for instance, how much time has elapsed since a given pin has transitioned to low), it is possible to write code that uses the microcontroller timers.
There are three timers on the PIC16F877: Timer0, Timer1 and Timer2 (there is also a watchdog timer, but it is not typically used to drive application based behavior).
Timer0, Timer1 and Timer2 are essentially counters that increment based on the clock cycle and the timer prescaler. An application can monitor these counters to determine how much time has elapsed. On PIC16F877, Timer0 is an 8-bit counter whereas Timer1 and Timer2 are 16-bit counters. Individual timer counters can be set to an arbitrary value using CCS macro set_timer0, set_timer1 or set_timer2. When the counter reaches its limit (255 for 8-bit and 65535 for 16-bit counters), it wraps around to 0. Interrupts can be generated when wrap around occurs. Timer2 is normally used for PWM or capture and compare functions.
Each timer can be configured with a different source (internal or external) and prescaler. The prescaler determines the timer granularity. A timer with a prescaler of 1 increments its counter every 4 clock cycles (1,000,000 times a second if using a 4 MHz clock). A timer with a prescaler of 8 increments its counter every 32 clock cycles.
Given that Timer1 is set up with a prescaler of 8 on a MCU clocked at 20 MHz. If Timer1 is reset to 0 and the application performs a certain task and if the value of Timer1 read at the end of the task is 6 250, the application can assume that a delay of 10 ms has taken place. To determine the delay, use the following formula:
delay (in ms) = (# ticks) * 4 * prescaler * 1000 / (clock frequency)
or in our example:
delay (in ms) = (# ticks) * 4 * 8 * 1000 / 20 000 000
or
delay (in ms) = (# ticks) / 625
This translates in our example to:
delay (in ms) = 6 250 / 625 = 10 ms
Here is some sample code that shows how to initialize and use the timer to determine the length of a task:
long delay;
/* Set Timer1 prescaler to 8. */
setup_timer_1(T1_INTERNAL | T1_DIV_BY_8);
/* Reset Timer1 to 0. */
set_timer1(0);

/* Perform some task. */
printf("Hello, world!");

/* Calculate delay in ms. */
delay = get_timer1() / 625;

In the above example, it is important that the task performed does not exceed the maximum delay a timer can sustain before wrapping around, otherwise, the calculations may be incorrect.
Here is another code sample that shows how to create a delay of 50 ms before resuming execution (alternative to delay_ms):
/* Set Timer1 prescaler to 8. */
setup_timer_1(T1_INTERNAL | T1_DIV_BY_8);
/* Reset Timer1 to 0. */
set_timer1(0);

for ( ; get_timer1() < 3125; ) ;

/* 50 ms has elapsed. */

Read more >>

Installation instructions of AVR development tools for Linux

This guide provides quick instructions how to install AVR development tools in various Linux distributions. For Windows platform, there is WinAVR containing all the same tools. Check out these instructions how to use AVR Studio with avr-gcc in Windows also. There are ports of AVR tools available for Mac OSX and FreeBSD as well.
In the excercise work lab, there are Linux systems with GNU AVR development tools available. With these instructions, students may install corresponding tools to their own computers. Students may also use their own laptop computers in the excercise lab if they wish so. Parallel port is required to upload code into the target AVR controller.
Students are encouraged to setup their own development environment. However, course personnel does not provide officially any support in installation or maintenance of private systems, except this document. If you can't make your system working with these instructions, please seek help from the internet society. There are plenty of documents and instructions just waiting for your googleing.

GNU toolchain

The GNU C-development toolchain consists of compiler, binary utilities and C-library. All the tools are available for Atmel's AVR target.

• gcc-avr Gnu C Compiler for AVR
• binutils-avr Binary utilities (linker, assembler, etc.) for AVR
• avr-libc Basic C-library for AVR
• gdb-avr Gnu debugger for AVR

Debian (apt)

Installation of GNU tools is very simple in a Debian based platform (Debian and Debian derivatives: Knoppix, Ubuntu, SELinux, etc.). The apt mechanism takes care of all the installation hasle without need to download installation packages manually. There exists ready made installation packages in standard sources servers for GNU development tools.In the command line, type the following commands with administrative privileges (root):

# apt-get install gcc-avr
# apt-get install avr-libc
# apt-get install gdb-avr

This will install, if not already installed, all the necessary development tools: gcc-avr, binutils-avr, avr-libc and gdb-avr. The same packages can be installed with graphical synaptic tool too.

In Ubuntu based systems (Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Edubuntu) you may need to enable universe packages. In the file /etc/apt/sources.list uncomment lines ending universe.

Redhat (yum/rpm)

In Red Hat based systems (Fedora Core and other derivatives; SuSe, Mandrake, etc.) with YUM package management system the installation of AVR tools is very similar to Debian installation. In the command line, give the following instructions with required priviledges (root):# yum install avr-gcc

# yum install avr-binutils
# yum install avr-libc
# yum install avr-gdb

There is also graphical gyum front-end available for the yum. If you have an older setup without YUM system, you must download rpm packages individually. There are several sources for the packages, good starting points are http://rpmfind.net and http://rpm.pbone.net. The set of required dependency packages depends on your system.
The minimum set of required packages is: avr-gcc, avr-binutils and avr-libc. Use the RPM tool to install packages:

# rpm \-ivh 

Other (src)

The most difficult way of installing the tools is to compile them from scratch. Use this method only if you can't get the tools using any package management tool. Compiling tools from sources provides option to have the tools in non-linux platforms. For more detailed information how to compile these tools for AVR target, check Rich Neswold's A GNU Development Environment for the AVR Microcontroller documentation. Note that the document is a bit old and version numbers do not apply anymore.
The standard 3-series gcc has support for AVR target. Gcc sources are available at gcc official web site http://gcc.gnu.org/. When configuring gcc build, use the following settings:

# configure \--target=avr \--enable-languages="c"*binutils*

The standard binutils package has support for AVR target. Official binutils web site is http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/. When configuring binutils build, use the following setting:

# configure \--target=avr*libc\*

In embedded systems, language libraries must be as light weight as possible. There is no much resources available in the target hardware, thus general c libraries can not be used. For AVR there is a specific C library implementation available: http://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/

---

Programmers/Downloaders

UISP

UISP is a simple command line tool to upload compiled hex code into the target hardware. AVR supports in-system programming. New code can be programmed into the internal program flash memory via serial programming interface meanwhile the microcontroller is mounted in the embedded target hardware.
UISP supports many serial and parallel port programming cables. Most of Atmel's AVR versions are supported too. For more information, check the projects web site http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/uisp/.

Debian

# apt-get install uisp

Redhat

# yum install uisp

Source

Download sources from UISP's web site, or elsewhere, and extract package. Compile and install program. Note that the last command (install) must be executed as root. If there is a newer version available, replace the version number in the package name with correct one.

# tar xvzf uisp-20050207.tar.gz
# uisp-20050207
# ./configure
# make
# make install

You may need to install parallel port drivers and set access permissions as root:

# modprobe ppdev
# chmod a+rw /dev/parport0

Avrdude

Avrdude is similar tool to the UISP. The tool was previously named avrprog. Avrdude supports wide range of programming tools and target AVR devices. It is know to run in Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OSX and Win32. Projects home page: http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrdude.
Avrdude's configuration file allows user to define alternative programmer cable pin configurations. Thus it can be used with exotic programming cables as well.

Debian

The avrprog in debian sources is an oldversion. Not recommended! Compile the program from sources instead.

# apt-get install avrprog

Red Hat

Source

Download sources from project page and extract it. Compile the code and install the program. Note that the last command (install) must be executed with super user priviledges (root). If there is a newer version available, replace the version number in the package name with correct one

# tar xvzf avrdude-5.0.tar.gz
# cd avrdude-5.0
# ./configure
# make
# make install

You may need to install parallel port drivers and set access permissions as root:

# modprobe ppdev
# chmod a+rw /dev/parport0

Simulators

• Simulavr http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/simulavr/

• Avrora http://compilers.cs.ucla.edu/avrora/simulator.html

• AVR Studio http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/tools_card.asp?tool_id=2725

• Avrmon-stk200 http://www.pvv.org/~torhr/avrmon-stk200/

• AVaRICE http://avarice.sourceforge.net/

Read more >>

ARM announces the first mobile multicore processor | Cortex-A5.

 ARM has launched the ARM Cortex-A5 MPCore processor – their first multicore processor intended for usage in mobile devices. According to the company this is the smallest and most power-efficient multicore processor that is capable of delivering the performance needed for smartphones and the cheap manufacturing desired for low-cost devices.

The ARM Cortex-A5 gamma features a wide range of CPUs – from the power-efficient uniprocessor (that we imagine will cost pennies to produce) to up to 4-core processor (that should be used on high-end multimedia powerhouses).
The new range of processors should deliver much better performance than its ARM11 predecessors, while still fitting within the size of the ARM9 units. At the same time the multi-core ARM Cortex-A5 should be nearly twice as power efficient, which should probably have quite an effect on mobile devices battery life. ARM11 is a pretty popular hardware platform for many Symbian smartphones. Even the the first two generations of Apple iPhone used ARM11 cores.
ARM state that the new Cortex-A5 is fully application compatible with the older Cortex-A8 and Cortex-A9 processors (currently used in popular devices such as the Sony Ericsson Satio, Nokia N900, Samsung Omnia HD, iPhone 3GS and Palm Pre), which means it should get along perfectly with0 all software platforms such as Android, Symbian, Windows Mobile, etc. We are yet to see however if all those platforms will be able to utilize the multi-core architecture to its fullest.
The Cortex-A5 processor is now available for general licensing, and shipments will start in Q4 of 2009. That means that we might be seeing the first prototypes utilizing it at the next GSM Congress in February.

Read more >>

To make a robot which can follow a white strip on black background and can extinguish fire on its way .

line follower robot

Design Specifications 
1. For proper functioning of the robot needs a voltage supply of about 5.3V and current about 0.7A.
2. The robot should be able to distinguish between the white and the black surface.
3. If the black surface suddenly ends, the robot should keep on moving in the direction it last moved
   until the black line is again there.
4. It should stop and extinguish fire and restart only after making sure that the fire has been 
   extinguished.
5. This could not be run using the dry cells because of the current requirement.


Principle
                   The basic principle used is the difference in reflection of light from a white surface 
and a dark surface .This could be sensed using two LDR's. The two inputs would be fed to two different 
comparator whose comparing voltage is set using the potentiometer .When the light is reflected by the black 
surface the resistance of  LDR is high, hence the voltage is high and vice versa .The current flowing through
the output of comparator is very low to drive the motor .Thus ,a Darlington pair is applied to the output of 
the op-amp .This output could be used to run the H-bridge circuit which can rotate the motors in both the 
directions. It would continue moving in the line it was last moving if there is no line.It can navigate through
almost all turns.
        If a flame comes in the way the third LDR mounted on the top will detect it and stop the motors of tyres
and startthe fan. When the fire extinguishes,fan stops and the motor starts again and it continues in same 
direction.


Working of the Robot


The circuit implemented consists mainly of two different sub-circuits.
          The first part comprises of making the robot follow a black strip. This was done using a comparator 
circuit using the LDR whose reference voltage was fixed using the potentiometer. This was based on the 
phenomenon that the resistance of the LDR decreases as the intensity of light falling on it increases. In our 
case, the light reflected from the white surface is more than that from the black surface. Therefore, the 
voltage in positive terminal of the comparator remains high as long as the robot is moving on white surface. 
If the black surface come under one of the two LDR.s the motor corresponding to that LDR stops, the other making 
it move away from the black line. But as the other LDR crosses the black line, its motor stops, the other 
forcing it in other direction, resulting in its following the black line. Thus ,the output voltage of the Op-Amp 
has been varied according to the need,but the current flowing through the output of Op-Amp is in some mA .Thus 
there was need for current amplification. The Darlington .pair was used for the same. The resistance of the motor 
was 5-10ohms,thus source follower circuit was used.
  The second part comprised of using LDR.s and IR-receivers to detect flame .The dual Op-Amp LM358 
was used for the same. The two comparator circuits were used .For LDR, the working was same, but for IR receiver 
the voltage and not the resistance vary according to the intensity of light. Thus the two ends of IR-receiver 
were connected to ground and positive terminal of the comparator .The output of these two were ORed and given to 
a monostable 555 timer with time period of 4 sec.555 was used because when the robot sees the fire ,the fan 
starts and the motors stop but when fan starts the intensity of light decreases and hence the two motors start 
again and there is a chance that the motor starts before the fire is extinguished .The 555 helps in generating a 
high pulse of about 4 seconds which will remain high and will not depend on the intensity of light for the same 
duration .Thus , this will make sure that the fire is extinguished before moving ahead. Once the fire is 
extinguished it will retain its original motion.   

Application
1. The robot can be used as a guider to guide the visitors from the entrance to the main office .
2. It can help doctors to carry the medicines from one ward to another .
3. The main purpose is to rescue the people by extinguishing fire in a building .

Read more >>

Mikrokontoroler test wIth LED

This program I created for it using AVR studio where this program turn the fruit led eight couples who pins on PORTD

#include
#include
void kanan() //arah geral led kekanan
{
DDRD=0xff; //set pin D
int i;        // i inisilisai
for (i=1 ;i<=128; i=i*2)
{
PORTD=i;    // i inisilisai
_delay_ms(500);
}
}
void kiri() //arah geral led kekiri
{
DDRD=0xff; //set pin D
int  i;  // i inisilisai
for (i=128; i>1 ; i -=i/2)
{
PORTD=i;  // i inisilisai
_delay_ms(500);
}
}
void blink()
{
unsigned char i= 0 ;
for (i=0;i<8;i++)
{
PORTD=0xff;
_delay_ms(500);
_delay_ms(500);
PORTD=0×00;
_delay_ms(500);
_delay_ms(500);
}
}
int main() // tempat beraksi
{
while(1)
{
kiri();
kanan();
_delay_ms(500);
_delay_ms(500);
blink();
_delay_ms(500);
_delay_ms(500);
kanan();
kiri();
_delay_ms(500);
_delay_ms(500);
blink();
_delay_ms(500);
_delay_ms(500);
}
return(0);
}

Read more >>

Creating Minimum System Atmega8535

 What is the minimum system?

 The minimum system is a series of at least where the microcontroller chip can work. Atmega8535 microcontroller has dilengapi with internal oscillator, so no crystal or resonator is required external to the CPU clock source. However, this oscillator maximum 8Mhz so I suggest to keep using an external crystal.Internal oscillator by the manufacturer gives a chance 1 MHz, and to change it we need to change the settings of Fuse bits, for setting fuse bits need to be careful, because this setting is so vulnerable because if the wrong setting microcontroller can cause damage, I had corrupted a microcontroller.

Minimum System AVR is very simple where only connect AVCC to VCC and +5 V and GND and AGND to the ground and reset pin is not connected to anything . Chip will be reset if the voltage is zero or RST pins are forced to zero. This is the minimum system without using a crystal. For those who wear the above plus a series of crystal-crystal on pins XTAL1 and XTAL2.The following minimum system which uses a crystal (I recommend making the use of crystals)

Combination the above are the minimum system used to control the LEDs.The above circuit can use the live trace deeptrace, eagle, proteus, or other programs that you mastered. For those who are lazy to download the trace made by me, which I pake softrware deeptrace 2009, please download here

downloadernya can use a downloader that my previous post

 

 display the following minimum system in deeptrace

 For the prgram and the way I described in my program filling the next posting.

from  http://etekno.blogspot.com/2010/06/proyek-1-membuat-sistem-minimum.html

Read more >>